Starting System: Description and Operation
OVERVIEWThe battery, starting, and charging systems operate with one another, and must be tested as a complete system. In order for the vehicle to start and charge properly, all of the components involved in these systems must perform within specifications.
When attempting to diagnose any of these systems, it is important that you keep their interdependency in mind.
The diagnostic procedures used include the most basic conventional diagnostic methods, to the more sophisticated On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) built into the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). Use of a induction milliampere ammeter, volt/ ohmmeter, battery charger, carbon pile rheostat (load tester), and 12-volt test lamp may be required.
All OBD-sensed systems are monitored by the PCM. Each monitored circuit is assigned a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC). The PCM will store a DTC in electronic memory for any failure it detects. Refer to On-Board Diagnostics Test in Charging System for more information.
INTRODUCTION
The starting system consists of:
- Battery
- Starter relay
- Starter with an integral solenoid
- Ignition switch
- Clutch pedal position switch (manual transmission)
- Park/neutral position switch (automatic transmission)
- Wire harness and connections.
This information covers diagnosis of the complete starting system, except the battery. However, this information only covers service procedures for the starter and starter relay Service procedures for other starting system components can be located as follows:
- Battery
- Ignition switch
- Clutch pedal position switch
- Park/neutral position switch
- Wire harness and connections
STARTING SYSTEM
The starting system components form two separate circuits. A high-amperage feed circuit that feeds the starter between 150 and 350 amperes (700 amperes - diesel engine), and a low-amperage control circuit that operates on less than 20 amperes.
If the vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission, battery voltage is supplied through the low- amperage control circuit to the coil battery terminal of the starter relay when the ignition switch is turned to the Start position. The park/neutral position switch is installed in series between the starter relay coil ground terminal and ground. This normally open switch prevents the starter relay from being energized unless the automatic transmission gear selector is in the Neutral or Park positions.
If the vehicle is equipped with a manual transmission, it has a clutch pedal position switch installed in series between the ignition switch and the coil battery terminal of the starter relay. This normally open switch prevents the starter relay from being energized unless the clutch pedal is depressed, preventing starter operation while the clutch disc and the flywheel are engaged. The starter relay coil ground terminal is always grounded on vehicles with a manual transmission.
When the starter relay coil is energized, the normally open relay contacts close. The relay contacts connect the relay common feed terminal to the relay normally open terminal. The closed relay contacts energize the starter solenoid coil windings.
The energized solenoid pull-in coil pulls in the solenoid plunger. The solenoid plunger pulls the shift lever in the starter. This engages the starter overrunning clutch and pinion gear with the starter ring gear on the manual transmission flywheel, or on the automatic transmission torque converter.
As the solenoid plunger reaches the end of its travel, the solenoid contact disc completes the high- amperage starter feed circuit and energizes the solenoid plunger hold-in coil. Current now flows between the solenoid battery terminal and the starter motor, energizing the starter.
Once the engine starts, the overrunning clutch protects the starter from damage by allowing the starter pinion gear to spin faster than the pinion shaft. When the driver releases the ignition switch to the On position, the starter relay coil is de-energized. This causes the relay contacts to open. When the relay contacts open, the starter solenoid plunger hold-in coil is de-energized.
When the solenoid plunger hold-in coil is de-energized, the solenoid plunger return spring returns the plunger to its relaxed position. This causes the contact disc to open the starter feed circuit, and the shift lever to disengage the overrunning clutch and pinion gear from the starter ring gear.
SYSTEM OPERATION
Starter
The starter motor incorporates several features to create a reliable, efficient, compact, and lightweight unit. A planetary gear system (intermediate transmission) is used between the electric motor and the pinion gear. This feature makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of the starter. At the same time, it allows higher armature rotational speed and delivers increased torque through the pinion gear to the starter ring gear on the manual transmission flywheel or the automatic transmission torque converter.
The starter motors for all engines are activated by a solenoid mounted to the overrunning clutch housing. However, the starter motor and solenoid are serviced only as a complete assembly. If either component is faulty or damaged, the entire starter assembly must be replaced.
Starter Relay
The starter relay is a International Standards Organization (ISO)-type relay. The starter relay is a electromechanical device that switches battery current to the pull-in coil of the starter solenoid when the ignition switch is turned to the Start position. See Starter Relay in the Diagnosis and Testing for more information.
The starter relay is located in the Power Distribution Center (PDC), in the engine compartment. Refer to the PDC label for relay identification and location.
The starter relay cannot be repaired and, if faulty or damaged, it must be replaced.