Manuals through 2025 now available!

Our trusted friends have launched a new website named LEMON, which has newer manuals. It also contains all the CHARM manuals.

LEMON is the spiritual successor to CHARM, I recommend you try it!

Link: lemon-manuals.la or lemon-manuals.org.ua

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Oxygen Sensor: Description and Operation

The exhaust gas sensor, which is placed into the exhaust outlet, monitors the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas. This sensor is made of ceramic titania, the electric resistance of which drastically changes at the ideal air fuel ratio. The ECU supplies the sensor with approximately 1 volt and then measures the output voltage depending on its resistance. In order to activate the sensor element, it is equipped with a heater.