Part 2 of 2

Torque Converter Electronics
The torque converter contains a converter clutch mechanism. The converter clutch is an electronically controlled mechanism. It is engaged in fourth gear, and in third gear only when the overdrive control switch is in the OFF position, and also, in third gear over temp mode.

The torque converter is not a serviceable component. It should be replaced as an assembly when: diagnosis indicates a malfunction has occurred, or when a major malfunction allows debris to enter the converter.

OTHER CONTROLS
Charging System
The charging system is turned ON when the engine is started and ASD relay energized. When the ASD relay is ON, ASD output voltage is supplied to the ASD sense circuit at the PCM. This voltage is connected in some cases, through the PCM and supplied to one of the generator field terminals (Gen Source +). All others, the Gen field is connected directly to the ASD output voltage. The amount of current produced by the generator is controlled by the Electronic Voltage Regulator (EVR) circuitry, in the PCM. A battery temperature sensor, located either in the battery tray using the ambient sensor, or in the PCM itself, is used to sense battery temperature. This temperature along with sensed line voltage, is used by the PCM to vary the battery charging rate. This is done by cycling the ground path to the other generator field terminal (Gen field driver).

Speed Control
The PCM controls vehicle speed by operation of the speed control servo vacuum and vent solenoids. Energizing the vacuum solenoid applies vacuum to the servo to increase throttle position. Operation of the vent solenoid slowly releases the vacuum allowing throttle position to decrease. A special dump solenoid allows immediate release of throttle position caused by braking, cruise control turn OFF, shifting into neutral, excessive RPM (tires spinning) or ignition key OFF.

Fuel Vapor Recovery System (Duty Cycle Purge Control)
Duty Cycle Purge is a system that feeds fuel gases from the purge canister and gasoline tank into the throttle body for mixing with incoming air. Metering of the gases is performed by duty cycling the purge solenoid by the PCM.

The system is disabled during wide open throttle conditions and while the engine is below a specified coolant temperature. When engine temperature becomes greater than a calibrated parameter, duty cycle purge is delayed for a calibrated time. Once purge delay is over, purge will be ramped in to soften the effect of dumping additional fuel into the engine.

The PCM provides a modulated 5 Hz signal (at closed throttle) or 10 Hz signal (at open throttle) to control this system. Modulation of the signal is based upon a calculated air flow (based upon known fuel flow through the injector at a given pulse width and RPM) and is adjusted to compensate for changes in flow due to varying engine vacuum.

Leak Detection Pump System
The leak detection pump is a device that pressurizes the evaporative system to determine if there are any leaks. When certain conditions are met, the PCM will activate the pump and start counting pump strokes. If the pump stops within a calibrated number of strokes, the system is determined to be normal. If the pump does not stop or stops too soon, a DTC will be set.

PCM OPERATING MODES
As input signals to the PCM change, the PCM adjusts its response to output devices. For example, the PCM must calculate a different injector pulse width and ignition timing for idle than it does for wide open throttle. There are several different modes of operation that determine how the PCM responds to the various input signals.

There are two types of engine control operation:
open loop and closed loop.

In open loop operation, the PCM receives input signals and responds according to preset programming. Inputs from the heated oxygen sensors are not monitored.

In closed loop operation, the PCM monitors the inputs from the heated oxygen sensors. This input indicates to the PCM whether or not the calculated injector pulse width results in the ideal air-fuel ratio of 14.7 parts air to 1 part fuel. By monitoring the exhaust oxygen content through the oxygen sensor, the PCM can fine tune injector pulse width. Fine tuning injector pulse width allows the PCM to achieve optimum fuel economy combined with low emissions.

The engine start-up (crank), engine warm-up, and wide open throttle modes are open loop modes. Under most operating conditions, the acceleration, deceleration, and cruise modes, with the engine at operating temperature, are closed loop modes.

Ignition Switch On (Engine Off) Mode
When the ignition switch activates the fuel injection system, the following actions occur:

1. The PCM determines atmospheric air pressure from the MAP sensor input to determine basic fuel strategy.
2. The PCM monitors the engine coolant temperature sensor and throttle position sensor input. The PCM modifies fuel strategy based on this input.

When the ignition key is in the "ON" position and the engine is not running (zero rpm), the auto shutdown relay and fuel pump relay are not energized. Therefore, voltage is not supplied to the fuel pump, ignition coil, and fuel injectors.

Engine Start-up Mode
This is an open loop mode. The following actions occur when the starter motor is engaged:

1. The auto shutdown and fuel pump relays are energized. If the PCM does not receive the camshaft and crankshaft signal within approximately one second, these relays are de-energized.
2. The PCM energizes all fuel injectors until it determines crankshaft position from the camshaft and crankshaft signals. The PCM determines crankshaft position within one engine revolution. After the crankshaft position has been determined, the PCM energizes the fuel injectors in sequence. The PCM adjusts the injector pulse width and synchronizes the fuel injectors by controlling the fuel injectors' ground paths.

Once the auto shutdown and fuel pump relays have been energized, the PCM determines the fuel injector pulse width based on the following:
- engine coolant temperature
- manifold absolute pressure
- intake air temperature
- engine revolutions
- throttle position

The PCM determines the spark advance based on the following:
- engine coolant temperature
- crankshaft position
- camshaft position
- intake air temperature
- manifold absolute pressure
- throttle position

Engine Warm-Up Mode
This is an open loop mode. The PCM adjusts injector pulse width and controls injector synchronization by controlling the fuel injectors' ground paths. The PCM adjusts ignition timing and engine idle speed. The PCM adjusts the idle speed by controlling the idle air control motor.

Cruise or Idle Mode
When the engine is at normal operating temperature, this is a closed loop mode. During certain idle conditions, the PCM may enter into a variable idle speed strategy. At this time, the PCM adjusts engine speed based on the following inputs:
- throttle position
- battery voltage
- engine coolant temperature

Acceleration Mode
This is a closed loop mode. The PCM recognizes an increase in throttle position and a decrease in Manifold Vacuum as engine load increases. In response, the PCM increases the injector pulse width to meet the increased load.

Deceleration Mode
This is a closed loop mode. The PCM recognizes a decrease in throttle position and an increase in Manifold Vacuum as engine load decreases. In response, the PCM decreases the injector pulse width to meet the decreased load.

Wide Open Throttle Mode
This is an open loop mode. The throttle position sensor notifies the PCM of a wide open throttle condition. The PCM adjusts injector pulse width to supply a predetermined amount of additional fuel.

NON-MONITORED CIRCUITS
The PCM does not monitor the following circuits, systems, and conditions even though they could have malfunctions that result in driveability problems. A diagnostic code may not be displayed for the following conditions. However, problems with these systems may cause a diagnostic code to be displayed for other systems. For example, a fuel pressure problem will not register a diagnostic code directly, but could cause a rich or lean condition. This could cause an oxygen sensor, fuel system, or misfire monitor trouble code to be stored in the PCM.

Engine Timing - The PCM cannot detect an incorrectly indexed timing chain, camshaft sprocket, or crankshaft sprocket. The PCM also cannot detect an incorrectly indexed distributor. (*)

Fuel Pressure- Fuel pressure is controlled by the fuel pressure regulator. The PCM cannot detect a clogged fuel pump inlet filter, clogged in-line filter, or a pinched fuel supply. (*)

Fuel Injectors - The PCM cannot detect if a fuel injector is clogged, the pintle is sticking, or the wrong injectors are installed. (*)

Fuel Requirements - Poor quality gasoline can cause problems such as hard starting, stalling, and stumble. Use of methanol-gasoline blends may result in starting and driveability problems. (See individual symptoms and their definitions in Glossary of Terms).

PCM Grounds - The PCM cannot detect a poor system ground. However, a diagnostic trouble code may be stored in the PCM as a result of this condition.

Throttle Body Air Flow - The PCM cannot detect a clogged or restricted air cleaner inlet or filter element. (*)

Exhaust System - The PCM cannot detect a plugged, restricted, or leaking exhaust system. (*)

Cylinder Compression - The PCM cannot detect uneven, low, or high engine cylinder compression. (*)

Excessive Oil Consumption - Although the PCM monitors the exhaust stream oxygen content through the oxygen sensor when the system is in a closed loop, it cannot determine excessive oil consumption.

(*) NOTE: Any of these conditions could result in a rich or lean condition causing an oxygen sensor trouble code to be stored in the PCM, or the vehicle may exhibit one or more driveability symptoms.

SKIS OVERVIEW
The Sentry Key Immobilizer System (SKIS) is designed to prevent unauthorized vehicle operation. The system consists of a Sentry Key Immobilizer Module (SKIM), ignition key(s) equipped with a transponder chip and PCM. When the ignition switch is turned ON, the SKIM interrogates the ignition key If the ignition key is "Valid" or "In- valid", the SKIM sends a PCI Bus message to the PCM indicating status. Upon receiving this status message the PCM will stall the engine, or allow the engine to continue to operate.

SKIM ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
The SKIM has been programmed to transmit and monitor many different coded messages as well as PCI Bus messages. This monitoring is called "On Board Diagnosis".

Certain criteria must be met for a diagnostic trouble code to be entered into the SKIM memory. The criteria may be a range of, Input voltage, PCI Bus message, or coded messages to the SKIM. If all of the criteria for monitoring a circuit or function are met and a fault is sensed, a diagnostic trouble code will be stored in the SKIM memory.

SKIS OPERATION
When ignition power is supplied to the SKIM, the SKIM performs an internal self-test. After the self- test is completed, the SKIM energizes the antenna (this activates the transponder chip) and sends a challenge to the transponder chip. The transponder chip responds to the challenge by generating an encrypted response message using the following:

Secret Key - This is an electronically stored value (identification number) that is unique to each SKIS. The secret key is stored in the SKIM, PCM and all ignition key transponders.

Challenge - This is a random number that is generated by the SKIM at each ignition key cycle.

The secret key and challenge are the two variables used in the algorithm that produces the encrypted response message. The transponder uses the crypto algorithm to receive, decode and respond to the message sent by the SKIM. After responding to the coded message, the transponder sends a transponder ID message to the SKIM. The SKIM compares the transponder ID to the available valid key codes in the SKIM memory (8 key maximum at any one time). After validating the key, the SKIM sends a PCI Bus message called a "Seed Request" to the engine controller then waits for a PCM response. If the PCM does not respond, the SKIM will send the seed request again. After twenty failed attempts, the SKIM will stop sending the seed request and store a trouble code. If the PCM sends a seed response, the SKIM sends a valid/invalid key message to the PCM. This is an encrypted message that is generated using the following:

VIN - Vehicle Identification Number

Seed - This is a random number that is generated by the PCM at each ignition key cycle.

The VIN and seed are plugged into a rolling code algorithm that encrypts the "valid/invalid key" message. The PCM uses the rolling code algorithm to receive, decode and respond to the valid/invalid key message sent by the SKIM. After sending the valid/ invalid key message the SKIM waits 3.5 seconds for a PCM status message from the PCM. If the PCM does not respond with a valid key message to the SKIM, a fault is detected and a trouble code is stored.

The SKIS incorporates a lamp located on the dash. The lamp receives switched ignition voltage and is hardwired to the body control module. The lamp is actuated when the SKIM sends a PCI Bus message to the body controller requesting the lamp ON. The body controller then provides the ground for the lamp. The SKIM will request lamp operation for the following:
- bulb checks at ignition ON
- to alert the vehicle operator to a SKIS malfunction

For all faults except transponder faults, the lamp remains on steady. In the event of a transponder fault the light flashes at a rate of 1 Hz (once per second). If a fault is present the lamp will remain ON or flashing for the complete ignition cycle.