Operation CHARM: Car repair manuals for everyone.
Manuals through 2025 now available!

Our trusted friends have launched a new website named LEMON, which has newer manuals. It also contains all the CHARM manuals.

LEMON is the spiritual successor to CHARM, I recommend you try it!

Link: lemon-manuals.la or lemon-manuals.org.ua

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Injection Duration



Injection Duration







Fuel mass/combustion
The fuel mass to be injected into the engine per combustion has been calculated. The value is divided by 0.76 and is now converted to ml petrol/combustion.

The volume is accumulated for each combustion and the value sent on the bus. The main instrument unit uses the value to correct the tank gauge and the information display uses it to calculate the petrol consumption.

Injector opening duration







The fuel volume/combustion is converted to the time during which the injector must be open based on the knowledge of the injector flow at 3 bar differential pressure.


Injection twice/combustion







Injection takes place semisequentially at 180 intervals until the camshaft position has been detected. This means two cylinders at a time in the following order:
1. Cylinders 1 and 4.
2. Cylinders 2 and 3.

Each injector injects fuel once per crankshaft revolution and that means that the basic time must be divided by two.

Needle lift dela







The time it takes for the needle to lift in the injector depends on the voltage. Depending on the battery voltage, the delay time is added to the basic time.