Engine Oil

At the refinery, crude oil is separated by heating and distilling it into gases, light fuels, solvents and lubricating-oil base stocks. After being further processed, the base stocks are selectively blended and fortified with additives to produce an engine oil with the desired properties.
Engine oil, then, is a sort of prescription. It contains different ingredients to do different things. Some of these things are done by the base oil, the rest by the additives.

What Is Engine Oil Supposed To Do?
It Should Lubricate - That's its primary job, to provide a separating film between moving parts and thus control friction and wear.
It Should Cool - Engine oil is the principal coolant for the pistons, main bearings, rod bearings and camshaft. As such, it removes up to 10 percent of the total heat load generated by the engine.
It Should Seal - The sealing function is to seal combustion pressures. Even though most pistons have two compression rings and an oil ring, high pressure gases (containing unburnt fuel combustion products and water) can still leak into the crankcase through ring gaps and microscopic valleys in the cylinder walls. This normal leakage is called "blowby." Oil is used to fill in the valleys and reduce that leakage.
However, oil can't be expected to seal the canyons in a badly worn engine. Nor can it effectively seal a brand new engine until the parts have seated themselves. That's why oil consumption is occasionally higher for the first few thousand miles during new vehicle operation.
It Should Keep the Engine Clean - Combustion contaminants and dirt in the oil are unavoidable. But such particles tend to clump. If clumping is allowed to take place, sludge and varnish may follow.
Good engine oils are designed to prevent the particles from clumping and hold them in suspension. When the oil is drained, the suspended particles come out with it.
It Should Make Starting Easier - This is strictly a cold weather requirement. When it's freezing outside, an oil should be thin enough to give the engine a fair chance of starting. Yet as the oil gets hot and thins out, it should not become so thin that it won't lubricate or seal properly; that's what multigrade oils are for. Some of them (and all those that Saturn recommends) are designed to work in almost any temperature range.
It Should Prevent Rust and Corrosion - Metal can actually rust or corrode in oil, if the oil contains water or acids from the combustion process. A well-formulated oil protects against rusting by putting a chemical film on metal parts, shielding them from water. It protects against acid attack by neutralizing the acid.

Additives
Additives are chemicals that give fresh engine oil its custom-made properties. Although used in small amounts, they provide a tremendous boost to the performance abilities of engine oil. They, in fact, represent the major difference between the oils of the early 1940's and the highly advanced prescription oils of today.

Most Commonly Used Additives
Anti-wear Agents - In highly loaded parts like camshafts and valve lifters, an oil film is usually squeezed so thin it breaks. This would mean damaging metal-to-metal contact: When the oil film breaks down, these agents react chemically with the metal surfaces and form a protective coating that reduces wear.
Detergent-Dispersants - Combustion contaminants and dirt particles in the oil tend to clump, which can lead to sludge and varnish deposits. Detergent-dispersants are the additives that not only keep the engine clean but also stop such particles from massing. They work by surrounding the particles, most of which are invisible, with a shell of molecules. This action causes the imprisoned particles to repel one another. It also makes them a part of the oil, like cream is part of homogenized milk. They cannot settle out on engine parts or clog oil passages.
Oxidation Inhibitors - These are additives that allow oil to lubricate when it's hot.
Oxidation is a complex chemical reaction between oil molecules and oxygen. As the operating temperature of an oil goes up, so does the oil's oxidation rate. And unless an oil is heavily enriched with additives to fight oxidation, all sorts of undesirable things could happen. The worst of these is that the oil gets thicker and thicker - permanently.
Thus, a driver who waits too long between oil changes or uses low-quality oil and embarks on a cross-country trip during the summer may find the oil oxidized to a point so thick it won't drain out of the crankcase.
Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors - For every gallon of gasoline burned, about a gallon of water forms as steam. Most of the steam goes out the tailpipe. But some of it leaks as part of the blowby gases into the crankcase, where it becomes acidic. Water build-up in the oil increases with short-trip driving. If it weren't for rust and corrosion inhibitors and regular oil changes, engines would wear because of that water.
V.I. Improvers - V.I. stands for viscosity index. Oils having a high viscosity index tend to thin out less when heated and thicken less when cooled.
V. I. improvers are used to raise an oil's viscosity index for all-season operation. Without them there wouldn't be multigrade oils.
Foam Inhibitors - Foam can result from air being whipped into the oil by moving engine parts, which could lead to oil loss, hydraulic valve lifter noise, and improper cooling and lubrication. Foam inhibitors weaken the surface tension of oil, which causes the air bubbles to break more readily.
Pour Point Depressants - The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil will flow. Below that temperature, wax crystals form, grow and interconnect, then solidify or "freeze" the oil. Pour point depressants lower this freezing temperature by coating the wax crystals as they form, thereby checking crystal growth.
Friction Modifiers - These are the newest members of the family of additives in modern oils. They further reduce surface friction between moving parts. Friction modifiers, along with low viscosity, make "Energy Conserving" and similarly labeled oils possible. Such oils can increase a vehicle's fuel economy by several percent.

Oil Container Labels





The American Petroleum Institute (API) logo is a circle divided into three sections. The top half of the circle is the "API Service" section, which is used to indicate the quality of the oil. The lower half of the circle is the "Energy Conservation" section, which indicates the oil's degree of fuel efficiency. The center of the circle is the "Viscosity" section, which is used to indicate the viscosity of the oil. The oil container should have a "Starburst" label instead of the doughnut shaped symbol.
Multigrade Oils - These oils make seasonal changing unnecessary. They contain viscosity-index improvers that enable each oil to exhibit suitable flow properties at both ends of the thermometer.
They have labels like SAE SW-30 or 10W-30 or 15W-40. Some may have labels like SAE SW-10W-20W-30, in this case, just ignore the middle numbers and read the oil as SAE SW-30.

Oil Can Save You Gas
Many factors are involved in determining the overall fuel economy obtained when driving a vehicle. One of the factors is the fuel efficiency of the engine oil being used.
In addition to being rated on the basis of their performance and viscosity, oils are rated on their ability to reduce the amount of fuel consumed during driving. Oils are rated against a reference oil in a standard engine test much like the ones described earlier in the "Oil Performance Ratings" section.
In this particular test, the fuel economy is measured and compared with that of a reference oil. If the tested oil provides at least 1.5 percent better economy than the reference oil, it is labeled "Energy Conserving II." These energy conserving designations are indicated on the lower half of the API logo to indicate fuel efficiency.
Energy Conserving II oils should provide the best fuel efficiency, followed by Energy Conserving oils, and finally, followed by the lease fuel efficient oils, ones that don't contain either designation.