Operation CHARM: Car repair manuals for everyone.
Manuals through 2025 now available!

Our trusted friends have launched a new website named LEMON, which has newer manuals. It also contains all the CHARM manuals.

LEMON is the spiritual successor to CHARM, I recommend you try it!

Link: lemon-manuals.la or lemon-manuals.org.ua

(Some people have issue connecting. LEMON is investigating. For now, use Firefox or change your DNS server)

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Included Angle








The included angle is the angle measured from the camber angle to the line that passes through the upper mount and lower ball joint as viewed from the front of the vehicle. The included angle is calculated in degrees, but most alignment racks will not measure the included angle directly. To determine the included angle, subtract negative or add positive camber readings to the Steering Axis Inclination (SAI) angle, and this will give you the included angle.