Operation CHARM: Car repair manuals for everyone.
Manuals through 2025 now available!

Our trusted friends have launched a new website named LEMON, which has newer manuals. It also contains all the CHARM manuals.

LEMON is the spiritual successor to CHARM, I recommend you try it!

Link: lemon-manuals.la or lemon-manuals.org.ua

(Some people have issue connecting. LEMON is investigating. For now, use Firefox or change your DNS server)

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Reflection (FM)




This is the most common form of interference on the FM band, and is caused by signal reflection. This means that the receiver in the car is picking up two or more signals - one from the source and one from the reflective surface. The result is that the received signal appears warped or shifted. This form of interference occurs most often in built-up areas, but can also occur in rugged country areas.